![]() Because of its limited, if any, insecticidal properties, PBO is never used alone. ![]() space sprays, surface sprays and bed nets). PBO has an important public health role as a synergist used in pyrethrins and pyrethroid formulations used for mosquito control (e.g. A wide variety of water-based PBO-containing products such as crack and crevice sprays, total release foggers, and flying insect sprays are produced for and sold to consumers for home use. It is used extensively as an ingredient with insecticides to control insect pests in and around the home, in food-handling establishments such as restaurants, and for human and veterinary applications against ectoparasites (head lice, ticks, fleas). The application rates are low the highest single rate is 0.5 lbs PBO/acre. It is approved for pre- and postharvest application to a wide variety of crops and commodities, including grain, fruits and vegetables. Appearing in over 1,500 United States EPA-registered products, PBO is one of the most commonly registered synergists as measured by the number of formulas in which it is present. PBO is mainly used in combination with insecticides, such as natural pyrethrins or synthetic pyrethroids, in ratios (PBO: pyrethrins) ranging from 3:1 to 20:1. PBO was first registered in the United States in the 1950s. PBO was first patented in 1947 in the US by Herman Wachs. Although exhibiting little intrinsic insecticidal activity of its own, PBO increases the effectiveness of pyrethrins, thus is called a synergist. Pyrethrum is and was an important insecticide against mosquitoes and other disease-carrying vectors, thereby providing public health benefits, e.g., preventing malaria. ![]() PBO was developed in the late 1930s and early 1940s to enhance the performance of the naturally derived insecticide pyrethrum. It is a semisynthetic derivative of safrole. That is, despite having no pesticidal activity of its own, it enhances the potency of certain pesticides such as carbamates, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, and rotenone. Piperonyl butoxide ( PBO) is a pale yellow to light brown liquid organic compound used as a synergist component of pesticide formulations.
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